Not Possible For Person To Consent Bodily Harm - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1487 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Critically examine the statement above with reference to cases and articles that support your arguments. Theoretically consent is available to murder and all non-fatal offences against the person. However in actuality, consent could not be used for anything more than assault and battery. Essential questions of morality and ethics are raised by the degree to which the state be supposed to employ criminal sanctions to restrict a sane adult in his/her consent to the infliction of harm on his/her person. On the basis of public policy, English Law confines the legitimacy of consent by reference to the level of harm and the circumstances in which it is inflicted.  [1]  It is in respect of the deliberate infliction of physical harm that the law has encountered difficulties in determining where the line should be drawn to mark the limits of personal autonomy. The matter is complicated further by questions as to what constitutes informed consent, and whether the law do es and should distinguish between consent to inevitable physical harm and consent to the risk of harm.  [2]  The law strives to achieve a balance between personal autonomy; i.e. the right of individuals to control what happens to them, and prevention of harm (to individuals and to society).  [3]  Factual consent to actual bodily harm or more serious levels of harm; i.e. wounding, serious harm, death, is not lawfully accepted unless the activity concerned is one which the courts or Parliament have recognised to be in the public interest.  [4]  The Law Commission propose raising the level of harm to which a person is entitled to consent in general circumstances to harm falling below a new concept of serious disabling injury. The Court of Appeal stated in the case of Attorney-Generals Reference (No. 6 of 1980)  [5]  , that It is not in the public interest that people should try to cause or should cause each other actual bodily harm for no good reason. Minor struggles are another matter. Soit is immaterial whether the act occurs in private or in public; it is an assault if actual bodily harm is intended and/or caused. This means that most fights will be unlawful regardless of consent. The question raised is not just whether the victim consented but also whether there was nothing contrary to the public interest in what the defendant did. The expression no good reason can be said to be vague and unhelpful. Reasonable people may differ in their opinion as to whether one type of behaviour, for example tattooing, can be seen as good or not. In the case of R v Brown  [6]  , It can be assumed that the majority apparently started from the proposition that all harm was criminal unless there was a good reason, whereas the minority preceded from the basis that harm to which the victim consented was lawful unless there was a good reason from punishing the accused.  [7] Even though the language utilized in the cases mentioned above cases mirrors thi s restrictive approach, the general pattern of immunity reflects a more libertarian emphasis. Harmful activities as difficult to justify as tattooing, circumcision, boxing and dangerous horseplay are all considered lawful, while it would be an unusual claim to persist that such activities were needed in the public interest. It is probably more accurate to say that positive public policy reasons in favour of the activity are necessary only in the case of intentional harms.  [8] The law does not prohibit all force on the person, but only the unlawful use of force. For example parents may punish their children moderately. The law is bases on reasonableness, yet it may well not reflect public opinion. In the Case of R v Donovan  [9]  , Swift J stated that with some exceptions: It is an unlawful act to beat another person with such a degree of force that the infliction of bodily harm is a probable consequence and when such an act is proved, consent is immaterial. In this case th e defendants canning of the victim with her consent for their mutual sexual enjoyment rendered him liable under section 47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861.  [10] The basic rule stated by Lord Lane CJ in Attorney-Generals Reference (No. 6 of 1980)  [11]  , where the victim suffered actual bodily harm in the form of a bloody nose: the accused is guilty of a crime even though the victim has consented if actual bodily harm is intended and/or caused. This principle was approved by the House of Lords in the Landmark case of R v Brown  [12]  . It should be noted that Lord Lane CJs proposition covered a situation where the accused does not intend and is not reckless as to occasioning actual bodily harm. It is sufficient that such harm occurs. The use of and/or is a strange one. It correct, it means that an accused will not be able to rely on the victims consent if he intends actual bodily harm but such injury does not happen. Therefore, it can be stated that in prin ciple, consent is a defence to assault and battery, as indeed the House of Lords held in R v Brown  [13]  and, therefore, if no actual bodily harm is occasioned, the accused should not be guilty of assault occasioning actual bodily harm. Intending an offence is not the same as committing an offence.  [14] If the accused lacked the mens rea for the offence, he is not guilty even though the victim has consented in fact to behaviour she could not in law consent to. This can be seen through the case of R v Slingsby  [15]  , where the accused was not guilty of constructive manslaughter because he gave no thought to any risk of injury when he penetrated the victims anus and vagina with his and his ring cut her. He had no mens rea for the offence of wounding on which the charge was based. Therefore, he was not guilty of manslaughter. In this case the issue of consent was irrelevant.  [16]  Therefore, a fair assumption would be that if there was not mens rea present then co nsent would be irrelevant as a defence. In the case of Attorney-Generals Reference (No. 6 of 1980)  [17]  , Lord Lane CJ proposed that the exceptional categories where bodily harm could be consented to were all categories where the activity concerned was of social benefit and consequently advantageous to the public interest.  [18] Harmful activities as difficult to justify as tattooing, circumcision, boxing and dangerous horseplay are all deemed lawful although it would be an unusual claim to insist that such activities were needed in the public interest. It is probably more accurate to say that positive public policy reasons in favour or the activity are necessary only in the case of intentional harms. The law commission proposed that if a seriously disabling injury resulted, consent should be invalid on the ground that the victim had not truly consented to it because such harm is contrary to his interests. A major criticism of this proposal is that the level of harm to which the victim can consent is high. A seriously disabling injury is not minor harm. No account is to be taken of whether the injury was remediable by surgery or not. Consent to lesser injuries would be allowed provided that it was valid and was consent to the type of injury caused.  [19] The Mode Penal Code view is that consent of the victim negates the crime if the consent precludes the infliction of the harm or evil sought to be prevented by the law defining the offense.(M.P.C 2.11(1)). More particularly, the Code provides that where a crime involves threatened or actual bodily harm, consent is a defence it the bodily harm is not serious or part of a lawful athletic contest or competitive sport.  [20] In Brown, sadomasochists who had engaged in consensual beatings and genital torture which had not resulted in any participant receiving medical attention were convicted of offences of assault occasioning actual bodily harm. The House of Lords, by a majority of 3 to 2 upheld the convictions. By doing so the House of Lords recognised certain categories of activity in which the law would recognise effective factual consent to injury as valid in law.  [21]  These include surgery, sports, horseplay, body modification, religious flagellation and the risk of sexually transmitted diseases. The case of Brown was considered by the European Court of Human Rights in Laskey v United Kingdom,  [22]  with the Court unanimously holding that the prosecution, conviction and sentence did not contravene Article 8 of the Convention. The Court doubted whether the activities even fell within the protection of Article 8. On the assumption that they did, the Court concluded that the prosecution was necessary and proportionate to the legitimate aim of the protection of health and possibly also the protection of morals. The Court recognised that the margin of appreciation provided national courts the scope to prescribe the level of physical harm to which the l aw should permit an adult to consent.  [23] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Not Possible For Person To Consent Bodily Harm" essay for you Create order

Feminine Roles in Othello Essay - 1885 Words

Feminine Roles in Othello A variety of roles have women in them in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello. Let us in this essay examine the female characters and their roles. One key role for the heroine of the drama, Desdemona, is to support the general. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies enlightens us about the hero’s dependence on Desdemona: Othello’s most tortured speeches (3.4.57-77, 4.2.49-66) reveal the extent to which he equates the seemingly betraying woman he has so depended on for happiness with his own mother, who gave Othello’s father a handkerchief and threatened him with loss of her love if he should lose it. Othello has briefly learned and then forgotten the†¦show more content†¦(1.1) Here is seen another role or function of women in the drama – that of comforter for the aged. Brabantio is the old father, and he hates to lose the comforting services of his Desdemona. The daughter’s husband Othello expresses his sentiments to Iago regarding his relationship with the senator’s daughter, saying that I love the gentle Desdemona, I would not my unhoused free condition Put into circumscription and confine For the seas worth. (1.2) In other words, he greatly appreciates his Desdemona in the role of wife. Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned: To prison, till fit time Of law and course of direct session Call thee to answer. (1.2) The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the young wife to assume a heretofore-unheard-of role for herself – that of barrister. She is compelled by the situation to stand before the senators and duke, members of the City Council of Venice, and present her side of the story in a convincing manner. As a lawyer she does remarkably well. Brabantio’s rage, among other reasons, necessitate that Desdemona live with Iago and Emilia during the Moor’s campaign in Cyprus against the Turks. While awaiting the arrival of Othello’s ship at the seaport of Cyprus, Desdemona shows herself anShow MoreRelated Feminine Roles in Othello Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesFeminine Roles in Othello  Ã‚        Ã‚   A variety of roles have women in them in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello. Let us in this essay examine the female characters and their roles.    One key role for the heroine of the drama, Desdemona, is to support the general. David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies states the hero’s dependence on Desdemona:    Othello’s most tortured speeches (3.4.57-77, 4.2.49-66) reveal the extent to which he equates the seemingly betrayingRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Femininity1571 Words   |  7 Pagesideas of femininity have on literary texts, we must first acknowledge what the term means. 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Power Systems Energy Converters and Drives

Question: Prepare a critical appraisal report comparing the following alternative network reinforcement methods: A) The existing case, no reinforcement, Figures A3A-n (n=1 to 3). ERACS network code: A3A B) A 25 MVAr capacitor, B4Comp, on B4 for reactive compensation, Figs A3B-n. ERACS network code: A3B C) A second 33 kV line, L2, identical to L1 between buses B2 and B3, Figs A3C-n. ERACS network code: A3C D) Use of both methods (C) and (D) above to control B4 voltage, Figs A3D-n. ERACS network code: A3D Answer: Infinite Bus: An infinite bus means a large system whose voltage and frequency remains constant independent of the power exchange between the synchronous machine and the bus, and independent of the excitation of the synchronous machine. A synchronous machine (generating or motoring) while operating at constant power supplies positive reactive power into the bus bar (or draws negative reactive power from the bus bar) when overexcited. An under excited machine, on the other hand, feeds negative reactive power into the bus bar(or draws positive reactive power from the bus bar). The existing radial network is represented with four bus bars on a 100 MVA, 50 Hz base. The supply is represented as an infinite bus, nominal voltage 132 kV, a fault level of 2000 MVA and X: R ratio of 20 (bus B1/INF and generator Inf Bus), which under certain worst-case supply conditions may fall to a voltage of 0.98 pu. A single 132/66 kV transformer (T1) and 66 kV feeder line (L1) supplies the load on B4 at 33 kV via a 66/33 kV step down two winding transformer (T2) between B3 and B4. The design load on B4 is rated at 30 MVA at 0.8 pf lag. Generally, for a load with a power factor of less than 0.95 more reactive powers is required. For a load with a power factor value higher than 0.95 is considered good as the power is being consumed more effectively and a load with a power factor of 1.0 or unity is considered perfect and does not use any reactive power. Thus the existing network and plant are in need of review so that additional load can be supplied at B4 without allowing the voltage at the 33 kV busbar B4, to fall below 1.0 pu. Three reinforcement methods have been considered: A 25 MVAr capacitor, B4Comp, on B4 for reactive compensation or shunt compensation. A second 33 kV line, L2, identical to L1 between buses B2 and B3 Both the above methods to control B4voltage Shunt Compensation: Reactive power can be leading or lagging. While it is the active power that contributes to the energy consumed, or transmitted, reactive power does not contribute to the energy. Reactive power is an inherent part of the total power. Reactive power is either generated or consumed in almost every component of the system, generation, transmission, and distribution and eventually by the loads. The impedance of a branch of a circuit in an AC system consists of two components, resistance and reactance. Reactance can be either inductive or capacitive, which contribute to reactive power in the circuit. Most of the loads are inductive, and must be supplied with lagging reactive power. It is economical to supply this reactive power closer to the load in the distribution system. Reactive power compensation in power systems can be either shunt or series. Shunt capacitors are employed at substation level for the following reasons: 1. Voltage regulation - The main reason that shunt capacitors are installed at substations is to control the voltage within required levels. As the load varies, voltage at the substation bus and at the load bus varies. Since the load power factor is always lagging, a shunt connected capacitor bank at the substation can raise voltage when the load is high. The shunt capacitor banks can be permanently connected to the bus (fixed capacitor bank) or can be switched as needed. Switching can be based on time, if load variation is predictable, or can be based on voltage, power factor, or line current. 2. Reducing power losses- Compensating the load lagging power factor with the bus connected shunt capacitor bank improves the power factor and reduces current flow through the transmission lines, transformers, generators, etc. This will reduce power losses (I2R losses) in this equipment. 3. Increased utilization of equipment- Shunt compensation with capacitor banks reduces kVA loading of lines, transformers, and generators, which means with compensation they can be used for delivering more power without overloading the equipment. Thus as per the values calculated after having 25MVAr capacitor and B4 compensator the values of load/B4 voltage magnitude and of B3 and B2 is .998 to 1.00pu, which is the desired and basic requirement of the sample radial network. Thus the voltage at B4/load is not falling below 1.0pu. Series Compensation: Series compensation is defined as insertion of reactive power elements into transmission lines and provides the following benefits: Reduces line voltage drops Limits load-dependent voltage drops Influences load flow in parallel transmission lines Increases transfer capability Reduces transmission angle Increases system stability Series compensation aims to directly control the overall series line impedance of the transmission line. The AC power transmission is primarily limited by the series reactive impedance of the transmission line. A series-connected can add a voltage in opposition to the transmission line voltage drop, therefore reducing the series line impedance. It is easy to see that capacitor reduces the effective line reactance. Reactive voltage drops of a series reactance added in a line is I2X. It is positive if X is inductive and negative if X is capacitive. So a series capacitive reactance reduces the reactance voltage drop of the line. Thus voltage drop in a line gets reduces (gets compensated) i.e. minimization of end voltage variation and prevents voltage collapse. Thus from the above outputs we can see that the voltage at B4 is maintained at 1.0 pu. So the adding of a same KV line in parallel to the existing line, also minimize the voltage drop in the line. When both the reinforcements are used simultaneously i.e. B4 compensator and a 33KV addition line the load voltage is .996 pu which is nearly to 1.0 pu. But the better results are shown when these reinforcements opted individually. The existing network additional load can be supplied at B4 without allowing the voltage at the 33 kV bus bar B4, to fall below 1.0 pu by implying any of the above methods.

The Fred Factor free essay sample

The author, through stories about Fred and others like him, reveals the four basic principles that will help us bring fresh energy and creativity to our life and work. The first principle is everyone makes a difference. It doesn’t matter how large an organization is, an individual can still make a difference. Nobody can prevent you from being exceptional. (Sanborn, 2004) I’m reminded of an individual who I hired while he was still in high school. At the age of sixteen, Randy was one of the hardest working people in our manufacturing plant. His initial job was sweeping floors within the sewing department of the facility. He was happy to be there and glad to have a job. Working in one of the lowest level jobs within the organization gave pride and meaning to this young man. His hard work and positive attitude eventually took his position to department head of our knitting operation. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fred Factor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We see this same frame of mind with Fred the Postman. By making a positive difference in the lives of others, individuals like Fred and Randy are what every co-worker or customer enjoys. Setting a higher standard is more challenging than simply achieving the status quo. Withstanding the criticism of those who are threatened by your achievement depends not on your title, but on your attitude. (Sanborn, 2004) The second principle states that success is built on relationships. It’s easy to see why Fred was everyone’s favorite postman. His relationship with the people on his route became a personalized service. Our mission statement at Keen Promotions is â€Å"To provide creative-proactive solutions to present and potential customers by maintaining ongoing partnerships and relationships with a commitment to trusted-quality products, timely delivery, and exceptional customer service. The key word in this statement is â€Å"relationships†. In today’s marketplace, simple selling products to customers are not enough to keep a competitive advantage. We must give personalized service and establish long term relationships. You must continually create value for others, and it doesn’t have to cost a penny. We see Fred defining this principle by his general demeanor. Fred always has a smile, a hello, and a helping hand for those customers who consider him to be a good friend not just the neighborhood postman. Shopping at Sam’s Club, as my wife and I generally find ourselves doing over the weekends, brings to mind a clerk who didn’t greet us or even say thank you while we were checking out from shopping. I actually walked out of the store mad and had the feeling my business was not appreciated. In contrast, when shopping next door in Wal-mart just 30 minutes later, one of the nicest, most helpful persons checked out our groceries and the feeling was exactly the opposite. It doesn’t cost anything to say thank you or hope to see you soon. In many cases, the most elementary courtesy can make all the difference in a customer’s future business. You can reinvent yourself regularly we learn is the final principle. Sanborn uses Fred as his inspiration when he is feeling life is at a low tide. He believes and rightfully so, no matter what job you hold, what industry you work in , or where you live, every morning you wake up with a clean slate. You can make your business, as well as your life, anything you choose it to be. That’s what he calls the Fred Factor. (Sanborn, 2004) We all need that person we deem the Fred Factor that inspires us during the low points in our life. By following these principles and by learning from and teaching other Freds, you, too, can excel in your career and make your life extraordinary. As the author makes clear, each of us has the potential be a Fred. The Fred Factor  shows us how to seize the chance to be extraordinary. It would be superb if everyone who reads The Fred Factor would adapt their own work habits to become a Fred. And just imagine the possibilities, if fellow colleagues were inspired by the difference it made, and then followed suit to also commit to that change. This would give companies such an edge in the marketplace, as customers would certainly spend their money with teams that gave such excellent service. It isn’t easy to change certain work habits, especially if someone has been in a rut, maybe for years. But part of the potential enjoyment that could be brought about is by making others happy, is to re-invent yourself and your job. How can one change what is currently being done to give more value, and thus give more satisfaction? After reading the book some may think that this only applies to customer facing roles, particularly salesmen. But most with a job that deals with other departments will find this works just as well and is just as important. Take time to find out how other departments work. What information is currently provided, and how it is used by others? Finding out what is important and what else could be provided can make others job easier hence most will look upon this person as a valued colleague. Continually providing value to other colleagues will breed optimism for those to ask for more participation in interesting projects that are reserved for those in higher levels. What must always be remembered though is that the reward for adapting your work habits to the benefit of others is the satisfaction that it gives you in doing the best job that you can. If other benefits follow, then that is all well and good, but that is not the aim of the practice. The book demonstrates the importance in making everything you do significant. Four steps to create Freds. The first  Find  them, The Fred Factor instructs one on how to find Freds by creating a place that attracts them, how to recognize a dormant Fred, and how to hire them. Next step  Reward  them, this step is self explanatory, if you want Freds to stay around you should reward them. The third step is to  Educate  them. The Freducation process starts with finding examples to develop the art of being extra ordinary, understanding what works, teaching The Fred Factor as a form of daily miracle working, and finally pull, don’t push people as you invite them to practice these principles. The last step is to  Demonstrate. We must be the example to inspire our fellow employees. These four simple steps just happen to spell  the name Fred. When you are a Fred, Freds are more likely to find you. Maybe the greatest challenge is to put these principles and steps into the life of those who have always been the opposite of a Fred. These principles and steps are critical for anyone entering a management level job. Who has made the biggest difference in your life? Whose words and actions have uplifted and motivated you to excel? Chances are it was someone like Fred the postman. So outstanding in his service that Mark Sanborn realized this mail carrier could be an example for any person wanting to be extraordinary. References: Sanborn, M. (2004). Fred Factor. Doubleday. The Fred Factor free essay sample How Passion in Your Work and Life Can Turn the Ordinary Into the Extraordinary, Mark Sanborn, a motivational speaker and the author of the book, tells the story of Fred. Fred is a mailman that Sanborn met in his home town of Denver, Colorado. However, this was no ordinary mailman. Fred always went the extra mile to serve, connect, and befriend all of his customers. Sanborn was astounded by everything Fred did for him to make sure his mail was delivered the most convenient way possible. Sanborn looked at what defined Fred and came up with four principles; success is built on relationships, everyone makes a difference, you can reinvent yourself regularly, and you must continually create value for others. This book at its core is about teaching the reader how to be more like Fred in their everyday activities as well as their professional careers. Sanborn gives many examples of â€Å"Freds† he has encountered and he gives the reader a good idea of what it means to be a Fred. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fred Factor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sanborn goes on to lay out what a Fred is, how to become a Fred, and how to develop other Freds. The book was very easy to follow which made understanding what a Fred is very simple. I can relate to this book in a very positive way. Sanborn’s Fred principles made me take a step back and realize if I apply some of the principles and ideas talked about in this book I will have greater successes in school and in life itself. The Fred Factor talks about doing more than what is necessary to just get by. Right now I am doing well in my classes, and I am learning what I need to know to make preferable grades on my tests. If I really start to apply myself and learn not only what I need to know for the tests but how to apply this knowledge when I get out into the real world, my time in school will become much more valuable. One of the four Fred principles is that success is built on relationships. After reading this book I have made it one of my goals to build friendly relationships with my teachers and other professional people I have shied away from in the past. If I begin building strong relationships with people it will only help my future in the classroom as well as the professional world. I found The Fred Factor to be a very interesting book for the most part. I learned a lot of valuable lessons in the book that I will apply in the future. These lessons will help me be a more successful person. The book has really opened my eyes to thinking outside the box, and always wondering what I can do help the people I encounter in the workplace have an enjoyable experience. I did however find some portions of the book to be very repetitive. I felt that Sanborn repeated himself quite often it many parts of the book. I understand that he wanted to emphasis parts of the Fred way of life but the repetitive nature of got somewhat annoying at times. I would still recommend this book to spite some the repetitiveness. You can get a lot of valuable lessons and ideas from the book if you choose to apply the principles Sanborn lays out.

Between vs. Among

Between vs. Among Between vs. Among Between vs. Among By Maeve Maddox The preposition between is from an Old English word related to the word two. It denotes a position between two things: The guard stood between the door and the street. Just between you and me, Im surprised that a graduate of Yale wouldnt speak better English. The preposition among derives from an Old English word meaning to mix or to mingle. Use among when speaking about more than two things: We wandered among the poppies, looking for the road to Oz. Lets keep this information among ourselves. A common error is to use between where among is more appropriate: I was one of eight brothers. Our parents never made any difference between us. Better: Our parents never made any difference among us. Here are some quotations from newspapers: storefronts in downtown Robersonville in North Carolina, one of 26 states where deaths now outnumber births among white people. (www.nytimes.com) Condom use is declining among sexually active teens, a federal survey found. (www.nytimes.com) sounded the alarm about the use of benzodiazepines among older adults. Often called â€Å"benzos,† the problem drugs include Valium (diazepam), Klonopin (clonazepam), (www.nytimes.com) SEOUL, South Korea – A top lieutenant of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un is in the United States conducting one of three sets of parallel talks aimed at salvaging a summit between Kim and President Donald Trump. usatoday.com Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:60 Synonyms for â€Å"Walk†Excited ABOUT, not "for" The Difference Between e.g. and i.e.?

John Mauchly, Creator of UNIVAC and ENIAC

John Mauchly, Creator of UNIVAC and ENIAC Electrical engineer John Mauchly is best known for co-inventing, alongside  John Presper Eckert, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer, known as  ENIAC. The team later co-invented the first commercial (for sale to consumers) digital electronic computer, called the UNIVAC. Early Life John Mauchly was born on August 30, 1907 in Cincinnati, Ohio, and grew up in Chevy Chase, Maryland. In 1925 Mauchly attended Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, on a full scholarship and graduated with a degree in physics. John Mauchlys Introduction to Computers By 1932, John Mauchly had received his Ph.d. in physics. However, he had always maintained an interest in electrical engineering. In 1940, while Mauchly was teaching physics at Ursinus College in Philadelphia, he was introduced to the newly developing field of electronic computers. In 1941, John Mauchly attended a training course (taught by John Presper Eckert) in electronics at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Immediately after completing the course, Mauchly also became an instructor at the Moore school. John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert It was at Moore that John Mauchly began his research on designing a better computer and began his long working relationship with John Presper Eckert. The team collaborated on the construction of the ENIAC, completed in 1946. They subsequently left the Moore school to start their own business, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. The National Bureau of Standards asked the new company to build the Universal Automatic Computer, or  UNIVAC- the first computer to be produced commercially in the United States. John Mauchlys Later Life and Death John Mauchly formed Mauchly Associates, of which he was president from 1959 to 1965. He later became chairman of the board. Mauchly was the president of Dynatrend Inc. from 1968 to his death in 1980 and also president of Marketrend Inc. from 1970 again until his death. John Mauchly died on January 8 1980, in Ambler, Pennsylvania.

The Existence of the Supreme Being Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Existence of the Supreme Being - Essay Example With regards to the argument of design, aspects of the argument were inspired by Aristotle and Plato (O'Neill 110). It was adapted by Christian philosophers Augustine and Thomas Aquinas. The design argument argues that there is an observable design or order in the universe even though the design is not always flawless or perfect. The existence of such design confirms the existence of a Designer such as a supreme being. Finally, the moral argument clarified by a philosopher, Immanuel Kant, centered on the summum bonum or in other words the "Highest Good". The Highest Good refers to where happiness and moral virtue coincide at their fullest. Human beings, it is experimental, always struggle for this superior plane of existence, and yet they are never able to attain it (Protestantism 1). According to Immanuel, the longing human beings have for moral fairness, as well as happiness, and justice confirms that someone put this desire in their souls. Immanuel’s argument is a similar a rgument made by the Apostle Paul (O'Neill 110).Many famous scientists such as Stephen Hawking have tried to clarify the basis of the universe as a phenomenon from gravity. However, they fail to address the main issue at hand which is the origin of physical law. They need to ask themselves where gravity came from and how something can emerge from nothing since physical law is nothing (Strobel 1). In addition, scientists’ idea of joining universes to flee the conclusion of modification is philosophically unstable., metaphysically motivated, as well as less parsimonious, than the theistic understanding. This also leaves one liable thesis of the Supreme Being as the maker of the universe. This is evident in places such as the bible and other theories that explain the existence of the Supreme Being. The Biblical teachings on the basis of the universe can be found in Genesis 1:1 (Strobel 1). It clearly states that God, the Supreme Being, shaped the heavens and the earth. Hence, thi s surpasses all other theories. The Supreme Being is all powerful since it is recorded that the Being created the whole universe in just a word of mouth (Lutzer 75). The universe is thought to be 100 galaxies long. This requires mysterious powers to form. However, the Supreme Being is deemed to have created the universe in only six days (Lutzer 75). Since the being is thought to have created everything including evil, people wonder why the Being cannot just destroy evil. Surely, evil creates

The potential effects of Radiation poisoning due to the earthquake in Essay

The potential effects of Radiation poisoning due to the earthquake in Japan - Essay Example Several highly unfavorable complications in response to a person’s exposure may be enumerated at random including sudden illness followed by nausea and vomiting within approximately 10 Sv-quantity of radiation (CBC). Headaches and fever with diarrhea may further result since the external bodily systems in direct contact with radioactivity affect the digestive tract and the bloodstream. Radioactive iodine, Cesium, and Thallium are particularly absorbed in the process through the thyroid gland, the cells lining the stomach and intestine walls, and also targets vulnerability via the bone marrow (CBC). Because it leads to the destruction of white blood cells, the diffused elements of radiation may equivalently contaminate internal body parts with different types of infection and thus spread infectious diseases thereafter (CBC). If the appropriate treatment is not administered urgently and sufficiently, the body’s capacity to properly carry out cell division during reparatio ns becomes diminished and the serious impairment of this function gradually facilitates the growth of cancer cells (CBC).

Opponents of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Opponents of Globalization Essay Globalization is a dream that any idealist would want but developing countries have been paying the price for capitalism. International trade may be reaping profits for rich countries but it also destroys cultural identity and further impoverishes Third World countries. It is inevitable that globalization would homogenize people. To be able to market their goods, multi-national corporations need to create â€Å"the same values, the same tastes and use the same advertising† (Turning Point Project, 2002, para. 3). Participating in global markets also requires adapting to the language of the key players. A factual example is when â€Å"an advisory commission to the late Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi suggested that English be adopted as the second official language of Japan† (Kawai, 2003, para. 1). Altering the language of a people can directly make a nation lose its identity. These efforts drown local tastes from which domestic industries rely on therefore causing the collapse of national businesses which can cause further poverty. To be able to play in the international arena, developing countries rely on loans from global financial entities to sustain productivity. â€Å"Third World countries mortgage their future by selling off irreplaceable capital-their natural resources (Suzuki, 2003, p. 96). In fact, Brazil has chosen to allow the destruction of the Amazon forests to pay off their loans. Perseverance to pay the debts also pushes these poor countries to grow a certain crop as compared to their natural tendency to plant the different basic food to meet the needs of their population. The shift of land away from local food crops decreases the supply and increases the price, thus further impoverishing the people (Gore, 2006, p. 54) . These debts are therefore purpose-defying. The world is beautiful because of cultural diversity and each nation needs to protects its natural resources. Globalization poses a threat to the impoverished and should be controlled before it further destroys lives.

Othello :: essays research papers

Jealousy is what made most of Iagos plans a success. Iago was the bad guy and Othello was the good guy, and everybody else that was affected didn’t do anything to deserve it. Iago was the mastermind that planed everybody’s painful death. Iago lies to Casio to try to make Othello kind of disbelieving in Desdemona and think that she is with Casio. Othello gave his wife Desdemona a handkerchief that his dead mother gave to him. Then Iago planned to get that handkerchief and he did succeed, he got it from Emilia who falls for Iagos trick. Iago gave the handkerchief to Casio, then Othello sees the same handkerchief that he had gave to Desdemona. So now Othello is angry because he saw Casio with the handkerchief. After this Iago is allied with Othello and they plan to kill Casio and Desdemona. Iago tells Othello to strangle his wife but Othello wants to poison her. Somehow Iago convinces Othello to strangle her and also promises Casio’s death to Othello. That night Ia go gets his puppet Rodrigo and tells him to go and kill Casio, and Rodrigo is so stupid and obeys Iagos commands. Rodrigo does not kill Casio but Iago does get a good shot at Casio’s leg. Since Rodrigo does not kill Casio, Iago goes ahead and kills Rodrigo and making Casio think that Iago is still his friend. Since Iago does not succeed in killing Casio, Iago starts to panic and thinks his plans are going to fail. But since Othello kill Desdemona, everyone races to their room and most of the characters in Othello are there. Othello confesses that he killed Desdemona, but because she was sleeping with Casio. Every one doubts him so Othello says that he saw Casio with the handkerchief he gave Desdemona. Then Emilia jumps in and is about to say something but Iago whispers something to her and tells her that its time to go home, but Emilia refuses and starts to speak out and says that the handkerchief was left behind in the bed and she picked it up.

What is inflammation?

This is term that is used to describe a reaction of localized tissues that is irritated, or can be cause because of an injury, infection, redness and swelling. There are several types of disease that cause severe inflammation, one disease that is very bad is Encephalitis this is an inflammation of the brain. This particular condition can happen to anyone at any age, all over the world. If encephalitis develops very rapidly, it can cause serious problems to the nervous system and the brain. If the body produces antibodies to fight the inflammation there’s a chance that they could make a mistake and attack the healthy brain tissue instead of the tissue that is inflamed. If this is not cured it could end up being life threatening. This is just one of many infections that cause by inflammation. How body reacts to inflammation are is by detecting where the exact location the inflammation is. When the body knows where it is it can send out anti bodies to eat the infection that is causing the inflammation. The symptoms of inflammation are it can be red and warm because of a large amount of blood reaching the swollen area. It can be very painful at time especially at the site of infection. There are many way to relief the pain, redness, and swelling is to put ice on it, also some inflammatory ointment can also be used to help reduce the sign of inflammation. Normally the inflammation only last till the infection has been totally healed after that there should no long be any inflammation. Sometimes during the process of the cells healing itself the cells can die of lack of nutrients known necrotic death, another way that the cells can die is from committing suicide by destroying themselves, this is known as Apoptotic death. When our body finds that there is an inflammation our body quickly reposed and kills the intruder. Then once the infection has been killed then the inflammation should go away. There are so many various things that can cause an inflammation in our body.

Coping with Methuselah

In the reading selection â€Å"Coping with Methuselah†, the authors Aaron and Schwartz work well together to convey their ideas using all three principles of argument to their readers. Aaron and Schwartz literally begin with the principle of ethos in their passage titled â€Å"About the Authors† which states their professional accomplishments (articles they have written, major universities they are associated with) individually and together. Immediately this reader is convinced that their knowledge base is extensive and they are a reducible source.Eifel it was especially convincing for these two colleagues to voice the same arguments to its audience together. There is more authority when two professionals with such expertise are voicing the same concerns. They also use the principle of pathos (probably the most) throughout the reading selection. Some examples are the title alone. â€Å"Coping with Methuselah† immediately takes the reader straight to religion whic h can bring to the table a large array of emotions.Another example is Aaron and Schwartz asking the reader open ended questions such as â€Å"Is the age of Methuselah at hand? And if so What does this mean for public policy in the U. S. Or the world? † This allows the reader to feel in control of their own thoughts but these questions are rhetorical. They are followed by information that transform your thoughts. The biggest emotional play here was their questions to the audience about if a patient refuses the extension of their wan life (has a choice).Would this be considered a form of suicide? Wow! Lastly, the authors use the principle of logos throughout the reading selection also. Aside from emotions, a great deal of the audience wants logical justifications as well. They give many ideas to how this will change the costs of Social Security, Medicare, etc. They suggest to the reader that money, stability and global demographics will be negatively affected.

Free Essays on Irish Immigrants In America

The Irish Immigration to America â€Å"†¦the reversal breaks with previous decades of Irish immigration to the United States, one of the oldest, largest, most sustained and most culturally influential migration flows of American history reaching nearly a million in the 1850's after the Irish potato famine, but dwindling lately to just a few thousand a year" (Allen, The New York Times, May 31, 1998). One of the factors that lead the Irish to immigrate to America was the deadly potato famine that began in 1846 and killed over 1 million Irish people. The famine lasted from 1846 to 1850 and forced many Irish to leave flee their country. They left Ireland in search of food, land, and salvation from the plight they were facing in their homeland. It was a very sad and difficult period for the Irish people. Not only did they lose loved ones, but they also lost their homeland. Sadly, however, the Irish people were enduring harsh and unjust treatment way before the potato famine began. The Irish were under the wrath of the British, who grossly disregarded and abused them. They are responsible for killing thousands of Irishmen by forcing them into poverty. The Irish were disgustingly over-taxed by their British masters, and were considered as less than human and unworthy of fair and equal rights. Many Irish citizens had their property taken away by greedy British soldiers who invade d their land and took what they wanted from the Irish people. This unofficial â€Å"Invasion of the British† began towards the 12th century and eventually set off an anti-Irish Catholic campaign in Ireland. It began when British King Henry II used a falsely signed document from the Pope that sanctioned the invasion of the British. This was very disconcerting to the Irish people, especially since most were Catholics and very devoted to the Pope. Their disbelief turned to disgust and angst when King Henry II returned to England and claimed himself the rule... Free Essays on Irish Immigrants In America Free Essays on Irish Immigrants In America The Irish Immigration to America â€Å"†¦the reversal breaks with previous decades of Irish immigration to the United States, one of the oldest, largest, most sustained and most culturally influential migration flows of American history reaching nearly a million in the 1850's after the Irish potato famine, but dwindling lately to just a few thousand a year" (Allen, The New York Times, May 31, 1998). One of the factors that lead the Irish to immigrate to America was the deadly potato famine that began in 1846 and killed over 1 million Irish people. The famine lasted from 1846 to 1850 and forced many Irish to leave flee their country. They left Ireland in search of food, land, and salvation from the plight they were facing in their homeland. It was a very sad and difficult period for the Irish people. Not only did they lose loved ones, but they also lost their homeland. Sadly, however, the Irish people were enduring harsh and unjust treatment way before the potato famine began. The Irish were under the wrath of the British, who grossly disregarded and abused them. They are responsible for killing thousands of Irishmen by forcing them into poverty. The Irish were disgustingly over-taxed by their British masters, and were considered as less than human and unworthy of fair and equal rights. Many Irish citizens had their property taken away by greedy British soldiers who invade d their land and took what they wanted from the Irish people. This unofficial â€Å"Invasion of the British† began towards the 12th century and eventually set off an anti-Irish Catholic campaign in Ireland. It began when British King Henry II used a falsely signed document from the Pope that sanctioned the invasion of the British. This was very disconcerting to the Irish people, especially since most were Catholics and very devoted to the Pope. Their disbelief turned to disgust and angst when King Henry II returned to England and claimed himself the rule...

The Qualities of a Superior Special Educator

The Qualities of a Superior Special Educator Special education is a field that will continue to need qualified candidates for at least the next decade. What makes the difference between an adequate and a great special educator?   Special Educators Are Highly Intelligent People often make the mistake of thinking that because children with disabilities are often cognitively disabled, that they dont need smart teachers. Incorrect. The era of babysitting is over. The demands on special educators intellectually are greater than on those who teach a single subject. Special educators need to: Know the general education well enough to adapt it to the ability of their students. In situations where they are co-teaching in inclusive settings, they need to understand how to make curricular information and skills (as in math and reading) accessible to their students with disabilities.Assess students both formally and informally, understanding their strengths as well as their needs. You also assess and understand your students strengths and weaknesses in terms of learning style: do they learn visually or auditorily? Do they need to move (kinetics) or are they easily distracted?Keep an open mind. Part of intelligence is natural curiosity. Great special educators always have their eyes open for new data driven strategies, materials and resources they can use to help their students succeed. This does not mean that special educators may not be disabled themselves: a person with dyslexia who has successfully completed the required college program for special education understand not only what their students need to learn, but have also built a strong repertoire of strategies to overcome the problems they have with text, or math, or long term memory. Special Educators Like Children You need to know if you really like children if you are going to teach special education. Seems like that should be assumed, but dont. There are people who thought they would like to teach and then found out that they did not like the messiness of children. You especially need to like boys, since boys represent 80 percent of all students with autism and more than half of children with other disabilities. Children often are dirty, they may smell bad at times, and they are not all cute. Be sure you like children in reality and not just in the abstract. Special Educators Are Anthropologists Temple Grandin, well-known for being both autistic and an articulate interpreter of autism (Thinking in Pictures, 2006) described her dealings with the typical world as being An Anthropologist on Mars. Its also an apt description of a great teacher of children, especially children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. An anthropologist studies the culture and communications of specific cultural groups. A great special educator also observes his or her students closely to understand them, both in order to address their needs and to use their strengths as well as their needs to design instruction. An anthropologist does not impose his or her prejudices on the subjects or the society he or she is studying. The same is true of a great special educator. A great special educator pays attention to what motivates his or her students and doesnt judge them when they dont conform to their expectations. Like children to be polite? Assume they have never been taught, rather than they are being rude. Children with disabilities have people judging them all day long. A superior special educator withholds judgment. Special Educators Create Safe Places. If you have a self-contained classroom or a resource room, you need to be sure you create a place where calm and order reign. It is not a matter of being loud enough to get their attention. It is actually counterproductive for most children with disabilities, especially students on the autism spectrum. Instead, special educators need to: Establish Routines: Creating structured routines is invaluable to having a quiet, orderly classroom. Routines dont restrict students, they create the framework that helps students succeed.Create Positive Behavior Support: A great teacher thinks ahead, and by putting positive behavior support in place, avoids all of the negatives that come with a reactive approach to behavior management. Special Educators Manage Themselves If you have a temper, like to have things your way, or otherwise take care of number one first, you are probably not a good candidate for teaching, let alone teaching special education children. You can be well paid and enjoy what you do in special education, but nobody promised you a rose garden. Keeping your cool in the face of behavioral challenges or difficult parents is critical for your success. Getting along with and supervising a classroom aide also require that you know what you need to succeed. It doesnt mean that you a pushover, it means that you can separate what is really important and what is negotiable. Other Attributes of a Successful Special Educator Attention to Detail: You will need to collect data, keep other records, and write a lot of reports. The ability to attend to those details while maintaining instruction is a big challenge.An Ability to Keep Deadlines: Keeping to deadlines is critical to avoiding due process: the legal assumption you know what youre talking about evaporates when you fail to follow Federal Law, and failure to meet timelines is one place too many special educators fail. Run to the Nearest Exit If you are fortunate enough to have good self-awareness, and you find that some of the things above dont match your strengths, you need to pursue something that will better match your skill set and your desires. If you find that you have these strengths, we hope you are enrolled in a special education program. We need you. We need intelligent, responsive and empathetic teachers to help students with disabilities succeed, and help all of us feel proud that we have chosen to serve children with special needs.

Identification of People with Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Identification of People with Diabetes - Essay Example Beckett, Peters, and Fletcher (2008) and Huang, Zhang, Gandra (2008) affirm that diabetes has been a challenge since 2001, when the NSF for diabetes set out its visions that aimed at empowering patients with diabetes and lay a framework or a foundation, which helps them become the major caregivers. Furman (2014) confirms that there have been several demonstrable improvements in the way services are delivered since the beginning of the delivery plan of 2003. The December, 2001 Diabetes Standards (DH 2001) is of great service of excellence, and they are built on a firm partnership with diabetes individuals (Buck, Wilson, and Ham 2005). Individuals with diabetes should expect greater and better services as these NSF standards are offered locally. Zhang, Gandra (2008)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Department of Health, DH, has implemented effective interventions and good practices such as recommending the use of principal interventions such as personalized care mode ls, structured education models, accessible records or patient-held records that will help facilitate the empowerment of these individuals (Egede, Nietert, and Zheng 2005). However, the services rendered are geographically variable, and there are increased numbers of people that have diabetes and still do not access to the established care standards (Newport and Hirsch 2011). Between 2006 and 2011 the diagnosed number of people living with diabetes in England increased by twenty five percent, from 1.9 million people to 2.5 million (Furman 2014).

The Challenges and Benefits of a Multicultural Curriculum Essay

The Challenges and Benefits of a Multicultural Curriculum - Essay Example Multicultural education as an international educational reform movement has attracted researchers, experts from different fields, and policy-makers. Immigration and the experiences of migrants are common across many first world nations, such as the United States, and the more affluent European Nations (Ramsey, Williams & Vold., 2003, p. 5). Research has shown that a more proactive stance in addressing the issues have significantly increased the performance level and achievement ratings of the migrant students in schools. Despite the challenges that are encountered in embracing the multicultural approach, the benefits are remarkable and exemplary which will be discussed in the succeeding sections of the paper. In discussing multicultural education, three terms are often used and easily confused: race, ethnicity and culture. The race is referred to the â€Å"biological and genetic traits that distinguish one among populations that have originated from different regions†. Histori cally, races have been classified according to three major groups --- Caucasoid, Negro and Mongloid. Although there has been no scientific basis, racial categories are continuously defined by social, economic and political forces. In turn, the races influence the social status and life prospects of families and individuals. Ethnicity, on the other hand, refers to â€Å"primarily sociological or anthropological characteristics such as customs, religious practices, and language usage of a group of people with a shared ancestry or origin†.

Short Story Analysis Sheet Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Story Analysis Sheet - Coursework Example Hazel is hell bent on continuing her winning streak at an annual race event held on May Day (Bambara 1-2). However, she has to juggle caring for her brother Raymond and race preparations while simultaneously dealing with insensitive remarks about Raymond’s mental handicap. At the story’s conclusion, Hazel emerges victorious and finds new respect for Gretchen and Raymond’s Down syndrome (Bambara 4). The author uses flashbacks throughout the story. For example, Hazel remembers taking Mary Louise under her wing when the latter was new to the neighborhood. In addition, she recounts her distaste for Cynthia Procter’s pretentiousness when she remembers the latter’s lie about not adequately preparing for a spelling bee event (Bambara 2). Bambara’s description of events is believable because she addresses challenges that face children in real-life; for example, jealousy and rivalry between young girls, as they strive to prove their superiority. The kind of conflict, central to the Raymond’s Run, is a sort of inner conflict of the protagonist. From the first glance it may seem that the whole story is about confrontation of two athletes, Squeky and Gretchen, but things are much more complicated, and the existing conflict between girls is an external one. Upon the deeper reflection the reader recognizes that twenty year old Squeky struggles to find her place in life, as she strives to do more than just watch Raymond. This girl uses running as a tool to construct another identity of the more confident and successful individual. However, her passion in running does not meet parental expectations, as they find Squeky’s hobby impair her girlishness. A vivid example of that conflict is Squeky’s refusal to take part in maypole dancing with such an argumentation: â€Å"a poor Black girl who really can’t afford to buy shoes and a new dress you only wear once.† (Bambara 1). Hazel Deborah Parker, or Squeky,

Roll of Thunder Heat My Cry Study Answers Essay Example for Free

Roll of Thunder Heat My Cry Study Answers Essay A. I think Mr. Morrison gets attached to the Logan family because of his role as a body guard for the family. He appreciates the kindness that he is offered and went through memorable moments with the family, such as the story he told about the night men murdering his sisters and parents. Story telling amongst African-Americans is a tradition, but this is still regarded as a personal moment, even though he is brought in by Cassies father to protect the family because of racial conflict. He is a big strong man, who works as a protector instead of an instigator; therefore the family feels safer with his presence. His attachment is probably due to the connection he has with family and the past of his actual familys death. Perhaps he looks at himself as not the actual member but an important part of the Logan Familys life, which creates a mutual respect and friendship between the two. He was also honest from their first encounter, which is a good sign coming from a stranger. He already explains to the mother he was fired for fighting, but further details explain he was fired because the man he was fighting with was white. The mother doesn’t hold it against him. B. Violence is a key theme in the story, and the situation that T.J is in is somewhat similar to the story of Mr. Morrison with the night men, showing the brutality of the white folks through accusation. T.J is merely accused of the crime, but because he is black not only will violence be portrayed against him but his entire family as well. For example his younger brother Claude, who had nothing to do with T.J’s crime, gets beaten up by the mob, even though he fears T.J rather than respect or admire him as a role model. T.J nearly got lynched, but so was his father, just for actually being his father. He is small and quite sickly and cannot control his son’s foolishness. Then there is the mother, who is merely just trying to protect her foolish son from death is thrown back against her house. This clearly shows the strong brutality of racism in the area because of the catalyst of racial tension of one foolish black boy can easily portray all black people as law breakers. C. If papa had not set fire to the cotton, his son Stacie could have been either tortured or lynched and by staring the fire he managed to save his life. It couldn’t have been a difficult decision because it was either start the fire, and lose crops and later deal with the financially situation or save the lives of others. Of course someone as noble and honorable as papa would have made a decision like starting the fire. Due to papa’s action on setting the fire, T.J was not lynched and the white folks backed away from doing terrible things to the Avery family and Stacie. At the end they were saved and T.J was just sent to prison. Starting the fire not only saved lives but also had the white folks actually collaborate with the black folks to put out the fire, which was somewhat of a miracle. D. I never liked T.J since his introduction because he is a cheat, a liar and not a very respectable character either. However, in most stories the ‘bad character’ usually has some kind of rough background, such as no love from the family and not actually sharing real friendship with others. As the book progresses, the more I detest TJ, but at the end my feelings has changed from hate to a bit of sadness for this character. Perhaps because he did not deserve this much hate and brutality from the others. In his defense, he is not a character representing the side of evil, but rather a character or actually a victim of unfortunate circumstances. He has reasons for his actions, such as jealousy. For example the Logan family owning their own farm, having more money makes T.J want to show he is just as good as them, as he is a nobody in his position. His father is also just a share cropper. E. The images on white people are not all bad as it is expected in a Dixie state America. Some are respectable and actually have the courage to show respect to their black neighbors. Harlan Granger is a bad man. He is wealthy but yet still wants to show off the things he has, such as his Packard. He is also a racist, like the Wallaces. However the respectable white characters are Mr. Jamison, who is from the north and still carries his northern mannerisms. There is also character like Jeremy who constantly receives verbal abuse because of his friendliness towards the Logans. His siblings Lillian-jean, R.W and Melvin however are racist as they are brought up that way by their father Charlie. His siblings do not show kindness to the blacks and are quite ignorant on how they suffered for years in America.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Essay -- Biology

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate and is the immediate supply of energy for biological processes. The ATP consists of an organic nitrogenous base, Adenosine, which is one of the four bases found in a DNA strand, it also consists of a ribose sugar with three phosphates joined by high energy bonds. The energy itself is stored in the form of high-energy chemical bonds; this energy is released on hydrolysis, i.e. by the reaction with water, in a similar way peptide bonds are hydrolysed in proteins. ATP is adapted to is highly suited to its function and role within living organisms as it is easily broken down and is thus a store for immediate energy; it is also a small molecule and can easily move around cells and through membranes. The production of ATP is usually associated with two principalities including respiration and mitochondria. It is common knowledge that respiration, which happens in all living organisms, produces energy and is expressed by the equation of: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy Respiration can be, aerobic, occurring in an oxygenated environment or anaerobic, occurring in oxygen lacking environments. The latter producing 2 molecules of ATP and the former producing between 36- 38 ATP molecules. The energy released from the respiration of glucose is used to add inorganic phosphate to ADP, producing ATP. This is achieved by glycolysis, krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation which are cumulatively known to be involved in aerobic cellular respiration. As we shall see, this process makes use of co-enzymes such as ADP and Dehydrogenases such as NAD+. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and involves the production of 2 molecules of pyruvate which occurs when glucose undergoes phosphorylation, lysis and then oxidation, yielding pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP along with 2 molecules of reduced NAD. In aerobic respiration only the reduced NAD generated here enters a mitochondrion and goes into the electron transport chair where it is used to generate 6 molecules of ATP. Hence, the net ATP produced from glycolysis are 8 molecules of ATP. The next stage is krebs cycle which occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria, the resulting product from oxdative decarboxylation of pyruvate is progressively degraded by as series of reactions involving four dehydrogenations, two decarboxylations and ... ...P the hexose would not be formed and none of the compounds would be produced, thus the plant would not exist. ATP is used in active transport in plants, similar to the kidney in humans. The absorption of minerals, such as nitrates & phosphates require ATP, which are present in root hair cells. These nitrates and phosphates are used in protein and chlorophyll synthesis as well as synthesis of DNA, ATP and NADP, which are essential to the plants growth. However, the mineral salts which are carried in solution by the symplast or apoplast pathway need to cross the endodermal barrier, which is impermeable. They cross the endodermal barrier by active transport and continue their journey in solution as ions in the xylem. In conclusion, ATP is adapted to its function and is probably one of the most important molecules in biological processes; it is produced in the mitochondria but is used all over the human body and is equally important in plants, where it is produced in the thylakoids. ATP is essential for survival as it allows the growth of autotrophs and thus supports all the food chains in the world, and also is important in maintaining and controlling the human internal environment.

Importance of libraries Essay

The definition of a â€Å"good time† is different for everyone, but for me its reading a good book, fiction, non-fiction, biographies, history, religious books, comics anything . When I came to America in July 2013, I was fascinated to see a lot of different things and one of them were libraries, since I have a passion for reading books, I try to read one whenever I have free time, there were a lot of books ranging from the ones for small kids to those for adults. Sometimes I thought about becoming an author and sometimes a librarian. That’s why for my Senior Project, I will be exploring my passion of reading and libraries by showing the importance of libraries. I did not have any knowledge about the libraries in the US and I was very interested in doing it, I did research, surveys and volunteer work. My first objective was to learn the system of the library. In the 18th century, when the people first realized that there should be a way where people can gain knowledge, acquire information about anything they are interested or simply read because they like it that’s when the first library started operating in America. However, at that time many people donated a lot of money so that the libraries will be build and many donated all of their books so that other people will be able to gain knowledge from them. There was no need for a system back then as there was not much variety of books, but as time passed there were more and more discoveries, inventions and a lot of other knowledge which came, books increased and as the advancement went on and on, people realized there should be books for different age levels and that in order for the library to keep running without any sort of problems like stealing of books, proper organization of books and the supply of books. The need to check and arrange the large varieties of books was fulfilled by a librarian. There are many different systems of classification of books in a library which vary from library to library. Classification serves two main purposes in the library, to arrange books in a logical manner on the library shelves and to group like subjects together, They are classified either by numbering or on the basis of the author’s name alphabetically. The Dewey Decimal Classification System is the most widely used method for classifying books in the library. This system is a general knowledge organization tool  that is continuously revised to keep pace with knowledge. It is named after Melvil Dewey, an American Librarian who developed it in 1876. This system is a numerical scheme for the arrangement of subjects of nonfiction books, and it classifies books by dividing them into 10 main subject groups that are called categories. Each category is represented by figures beginning with 000 and going on to 999. In other words, it is a system of numbers used to mark and arrange mostly non-fiction books. As I started volunteering in Columbia Pike Library, there were different sections for children, teens and adults. Since I mostly work in the children’s section, this is the type of classification I learned about in children’s section. Since children are the ones who are in the process of learning how to read, their books are classified on a deeper level than that of teens and adults. They are classified on the basis of their leve l of reading like J, JE, JP, the â€Å"J† stands for juvenile which are mostly board books. The next are the â€Å"JP† (juvenile picture books) these books which are generally shelved on the basis of the author’s last name then â€Å"JE† (juvenile easy readers) these are for beginning readers, JP (juvenile fiction) these books harry potter, the non-fiction books are the juvenile non-fiction and juvenile biographies. The same goes for CDs and DVDs for children as well, they are also arranged as J/CD/DVD. The adult and teens section is comparatively less categorized and simply classified into fiction and non-fiction. The technological and management skills required for running a library are getting higher that’s why it has become necessary to acquire a master’s degree in Library science. From Ferguson’s careers in focus:- â€Å"Most acquisition librarian positions require a master’s degree in library science (M.L.S) a master’s degree in information service or a master’s degree in science of information.† Ac quisition librarians are responsible for building and maintaining a library’s collection of books and periodicals (e-publications) so they need a master’s degree in science information . I did a survey on the type of books preferred by teens the most, the options were fiction, nonfiction, history and biography. There were 0% votes for both history and biography non fiction had 33.33% vote and fictional books had 66.67% vote. Fiction got the majority votes. My second objective was to research about developing recommendation of books based on different age groups, The reason I did this objective was to develop a sense of recommendation or to be able to give an  opinion to people about any kind of book. My consultant asked me to make lists of books by searching for them in amazon because they have the latest books and they also have a better search engine then the library’s catalog. By doing this objective I learned how to research about books in order to suggest them to someone or to update the library. My consultant asked me to make lists of books for aged 2-3 or any other group by searching from the catalog or sometimes making a list of books for children th at were published after 2009 from amazon, and then give it to her so that it can be used to update the library. The best website to find the ideal book for any age group is amazon, this I learned from experience, after searching the books for hours and not being able to find the desired ones, the easiest method is to use the â€Å"advanced search† by putting in the desired requirements, I was able to easily find the books and then searched for them in the library’s catalog to check whether they were there or not. My consultant gave me several projects about making bookmark bibliographies one of them was about creating bookmark bibliographies for kids and teens about other countries and religions since books give children an idea about the other parts of the world, these books were mostly about their culture, food, religion and daily activities. â€Å"If we wish to create a lasting peace we must begin with the children.†-Mohandas Gandhi I personally liked this project a lot, because kids and teens should explore other parts and regions of the world by reading books like pic ture books, religion, food and culture, because I feel that the media and the internet seem to create a very negative influence on people all around the world, about their neighbouring countries and about all the other countries around the world, children should read and know about other cultures of the world so that their would be more peace in the future. It is better to have an idea about something before believing anything about it which the TV shows. My third objective was reviewing practicality of normal libraries and virtual libraries. Virtual libraries or digital libraries are a great source of information and learning, while many predicted that as digital libraries will begin, that will be the end of the normal libraries and that all the shelves of the public libraries will be sweaped clean, but it did not. While many people who want to save their time and effort prefer digital libraries, there are many people including myself who prefer reading the old fashioned  way. In my survey of virtual libraries vs. normal libraries, 13 people responded to the survey, out of which 8 prefered virtual libraries and 5 preferred normal libraries, there was a 38.46% vote for normal libraries and 61.54% vote for virtual libraries. The results surprised me because I thought people will choose normal libraries, because even though a virtual library sounds good, it is difficult to access virtual library and some require membership too. I researched about the advantages and disadvantages of normal and virtual libraries. My second survey was to find out the biggest advantage and disadvantage of virtual libraries. The advantages included Immediate access to resources, Information updated immediately, No physical boundaries, Support different learning styles, Accessible for the disabled.Information retrieval,Teaching tool for information literacy, Storage of information, Networking capabilities (provides links to other virtual libraries) and Directs students to relevant resources. Out of 12 people, 7 chose Immediate access to information making it 58.33%, 3 people chose information updated immediately which made it 25%, one person chose support different learning styles and one person chose directs students to releva nt sources making each of them 8%. These results were very predictable because no doubt the biggest advantage is immediate access to information. The disadvantages included Restricted by copyright law, the requirement for internet access and that skilled professionals are required to organize,maintain and help students. Out of 12 people 5 chose requires internet access, 4 chose that skilled professionals are required for help and 3 chose restricted by copyright. So in the disadvantages the need for internet access seemed to cause the most problems. So my overall conclusion from my surveys is that even though normal libraries will not end, there are many who prefer digital libraries over normal ones, the biggest advantage is the immediate access to resources as there is no need to go to the library and if it is checked out, there is no need to wait for it the because the virtual libraries gets rid of that long process and the biggest disadvantage is the requirement for internet access, it is no doubt that internet has made the life of people unimaginably easy but not everyone can afford this luxury. My fourth objective was to research about the history of the libraries in the US. It is due to the founding fathers of America like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson that the system of  library began the US. The first public library came in the 18th century after some time, lots of people contributed millions of dollars so that education could be given to all for free. In 1731, Benjamin Franklin and his friends operated library company of Philidelphia. Andrew Carnegie gave millions to bring books and information to the people. From Gail Sakura’s Library of Congress â€Å"Thomas Jefferson had retired from the presidency and was living at Monticello, his home in Virginia. He offered to sell his personal book collection to the library of congress as a quick way to quickly replace the library’s losses.† The library of congress was set on fire on August 24, 1814. Some assume that the British had done it. Due to the efforts of our leaders, today the library of congress is the world largest library. It contains 100 million items, including 29 million books and pamplets, 53 million manuscripts and 4 million maps and atlases which are shelved in three buildings in Washington DC. My fifth objective was to volunteer at Columbia Pike Library. I started doing it in October and I will continue to do it after Senior Project .I worked in the children’s section where putting books back on the shelves, finding books for them and displaying them is the most important thing to do I also painted the walls of the library once and I decorated it by paper cutouts of different animals for the children. Sometimes on the weekends there is a story time in which teachers and students or parents and children come to the library, at that event I come earlier then usual and along with the other voluntee rs arrange the cookies and tables for the children and after they are done with it. I help to clean up the mess. My biggest obstacle was finding a job or volunteer work at a library, because since I just came in july and had never done volunteer work before, I was nervous and furustrated. I struggled hard to find a job, sometimes by searching on google and sometimes by going there like I went to Aurora Hills Library since it was close to my house but there was no volunteer work being offered at that time. I was not able to work at the school library, because they had another girl working there whose senior project was also on libraries. I thought about changing my Senior project but finally in October with the help of a friend of mine I was able to contact Barabara Dean the incharge of the Arlington Public Libraries and she asked me to contact Ms.Desiree Fairooz who was the incharge of Columbia Pike Library, she even gave me her e-mail address, and through that I was able to  finally start volunteering. My new skills are that I learned about the history of Library system in the US, I got to k now about virtual libraries and the qualifications required to become a librarian. I learned to make bookmark bibliographies and I learned how to do surveys, which I am sure I will need to do later in college and then in my career. I was thinking about printing out copies and then giving them to people but then my teacher told me about an online survey that was very useful, I just sent the link to my friends and I was able to get the results I needed, I am currently working on learning to make pamplets for the library. This project will help me by giving me volunteer hours which will help me get accepted in my desired college, because they require volunteer hours, The new skills I learned like making surveys, pamphlets and bookmark bibliographies will help me in college and later on in my life too, also the way the project is organized in a step wise manner with its deadlines, has shown me that putting everything till the last minute is not the solution, we should make achieve our targets by setting up a timetable and follow it. Works Cited † Library and Information Science, Second Edition (Ferguson’s Careers in Focus)† Ferguson. 2nd ed. N.p.: n.p., May 1,2011.. Sakurai, Gail. The Library of Congress. New York: Children’s, 1998. Print. Null, Kathleen Christopher., and Barb Lorseyedi. How to Write a Research Report. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials, 1998. Print. Zainebabrar18@yahoo.com. â€Å"E-mail.† Www.yahoo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Jan. 2014. . http://akaleidoscopicworld.blogspot.com/2008/03/advantages-disadvantages-of-virtual.html http://www.collegeonline.org/library/adult-continued-education/librarians-needed.html http://mypages.iit.edu/~smart/halsey/lesson1.htm

Personal Navigation Devices

Why have Personal Navigation Devices become popular? Personal navigation devices have become so popular because some people get tired of getting lost while driving, are not proficient at reading road maps, don’t always have a navigating passenger in their car that can tell them when they have to turn, and don’t have access to a plethora of needed maps in their car. Personal navigation devices are an answer to these problems. What technologies are required to facilitate the success of PNDs? The Global Positioning System, which consists of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth, is what personal navigation devices work off of.All these satellites have atomic clocks incorporated within them to ensure accurate time keeping. Each satellite constantly sends the time and their location. The personal navigation device has a receiver that decodes the signals, a processor that uses a trilateration algorithm to calculate the location, internally stored maps that the location is compared to and a display screen for the user to see. Who are some of the leaders in PNDs? What are the likely factors that will contribute to winning in this marketplace? Some of the most popular leaders in PND are Garmin, Magellan, TomTom, and Motorola.The biggest factor that will contribute to winning the marketplace is the extra features and accessories it can offer. Some of these are music player, real-time weather and traffic data, real time lowest gas price locator, and driving feedback based on acceleration, braking and speeds. The biggest competitor to the above companies is the smartphone. Some of the above companies have tried to create them with limited success. The advantage to smartphones is that the more things something does, the desirable it is. What will be a likely future for PNDs?In order for PNDs to compete with smartphones, they’re going to need to incorporate the features that users like from smartphones. The biggest advantages PNDs have over smartphones is tha t when you commit the smartphone to navigation, you’re taking away your entertainment and communication abilities. You can’t navigate with a smartphone and talk to someone on it at the same time. One of the features a smartphone’s navigation has that PNDs don’t is a voice recognition system where all you have to say is â€Å"go to 123 Fake Street†.A GPS’s touch screen is good but will be problematic while driving when you need to pay attention to the road. A feature that some alarm clocks have is the ability to project the time image onto the ceiling. One thing a GPS feature could have is dedicating a section of the windshield to shine navigation information onto it. This information can be seen through it as long as the driver doesn’t focus on it. In some States like Minnesota, it’s illegal to mount a GPS on the windshield so drivers have to continuously look down. Personal Navigation Devices Why have Personal Navigation Devices become popular? Personal navigation devices have become so popular because some people get tired of getting lost while driving, are not proficient at reading road maps, don’t always have a navigating passenger in their car that can tell them when they have to turn, and don’t have access to a plethora of needed maps in their car. Personal navigation devices are an answer to these problems. What technologies are required to facilitate the success of PNDs? The Global Positioning System, which consists of 24 satellites orbiting the Earth, is what personal navigation devices work off of.All these satellites have atomic clocks incorporated within them to ensure accurate time keeping. Each satellite constantly sends the time and their location. The personal navigation device has a receiver that decodes the signals, a processor that uses a trilateration algorithm to calculate the location, internally stored maps that the location is compared to and a display screen for the user to see. Who are some of the leaders in PNDs? What are the likely factors that will contribute to winning in this marketplace? Some of the most popular leaders in PND are Garmin, Magellan, TomTom, and Motorola.The biggest factor that will contribute to winning the marketplace is the extra features and accessories it can offer. Some of these are music player, real-time weather and traffic data, real time lowest gas price locator, and driving feedback based on acceleration, braking and speeds. The biggest competitor to the above companies is the smartphone. Some of the above companies have tried to create them with limited success. The advantage to smartphones is that the more things something does, the desirable it is. What will be a likely future for PNDs?In order for PNDs to compete with smartphones, they’re going to need to incorporate the features that users like from smartphones. The biggest advantages PNDs have over smartphones is tha t when you commit the smartphone to navigation, you’re taking away your entertainment and communication abilities. You can’t navigate with a smartphone and talk to someone on it at the same time. One of the features a smartphone’s navigation has that PNDs don’t is a voice recognition system where all you have to say is â€Å"go to 123 Fake Street†.A GPS’s touch screen is good but will be problematic while driving when you need to pay attention to the road. A feature that some alarm clocks have is the ability to project the time image onto the ceiling. One thing a GPS feature could have is dedicating a section of the windshield to shine navigation information onto it. This information can be seen through it as long as the driver doesn’t focus on it. In some States like Minnesota, it’s illegal to mount a GPS on the windshield so drivers have to continuously look down.